Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. British nuclear test Operation Hurricane - secret reports to Winston Churchill and civil defense data obtained Item Preview. EMBED for wordpress.
Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! Publication date August Usage CC0 1. British nuclear test Operation Hurricane - secret reports to Winston Churchill and the vital civil defense data it yielded during the Cold War. Originally Top Secret reports on the first British nuclear test a simulated subversive Russian nuclear attack on the Port of London using an atomic bomb detonated inside a ship in the Monte Bello islands.
Includes reports to Prime Minister Winston Churchill on the fallout, thermal, blast radiation, ground shock, water shock, and cratering effects, the decontamination of the fallout, the uptake of radioactivity in food crops, etc. Hansard, House of Commons, 4 February Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher refused the request of Frank Allaun to release the top secret report on the results of Britain's first nuclear test in Operation Hurricane , citing section 3 4 of the Public Records Act , stating: "The material is still sensitive and it is not yet appropriate to release it.
The decision was made to explode the weapon in a ship moored near land, thus simulating an explosion in a port. The experiment went according to plan and the scientific records were complete. We know what happened and we can give to the Civil Defence authorities an accurate description Specimen structures of importance to civil defence Churchill requested a further review of this nuclear threat when the Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 27 February page 7 that the American Coast Guard had since searched 1, Iron Curtain-originating "vessels approaching ports such as New York for atomic bombs, other types of explosive and bacteriological weapons".
This threat of smuggled atomic bombs is the theme of a Frederick Forsyth novel and film, called "The Fourth Protocol". Cherwell concludes his account: "As you know it has now ben proved that the Japanese asked the Russians to convey an offer accepting the Ptosdam terms of unconditional surrender to the Allies on August 2.
The Russians did not pass on this message. Had they done so, it might well be that the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki would not have been dropped. In retrospect it seems unlikely that the atom bombardment could have forced the Japanese to surrender before the planned invasion of the Home Islands in November , had they not - unknown to us - been already at the point of collapse.
For the Americans could not have dropped much more than two bombs a month for the rest of the year. But of course the Japanese did not know this. The fallout pattern from Operation Hurricane was more intensely radioactive than that for the American "Crossroads-Baker" underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll on 25 July , which had been published in Samuel Glasstone's book, "The Effects of Atomic Weapons".
The point of this secrecy over fallout radiation was that it prevented the civil defence data from Operation Hurricane from being published in the unclassified civil defence handbooks on fallout protection which the CND brainwashed media "ridiculed" for allegedly being guesswork.
It was not guesswork, instead the fallout data was Top Secret. The fallout pattern for Operation Hurricane shown on page 21 of this PDF compilation of declassified documents is from the original report but is very slightly modified: it has the detonation-time wind pattern data table added to it for civil defence use historians beware: we are interested in civil defence against nuclear terrorism, so minor updates are made where strictly vital.
This table is taken from the declassified secret American report by Manfried Morgenthau and Richard L. Showers of the U. Note that the cloud top was at 10, feet above sea level, so winds above that altitude are irrelevant from the standpoint of the wind influence on fallout descent. The original wind pattern printed on the British report Hurricane fallout pattern is identical to that on the map still included in this PDF compilation showing the Monte Bello islands on page 25 of this PDF upload, but that wind pattern is not correct, because it is for winds measured by weather balloon one hour before the detonation.
The reason for the wind pattern change between the British report and the later American compilation is pretty obvious: the winds for the Hurricane test shifted between the last meteorological balloon sounding, which occurred one hour before detonation, shifted before the explosion. So you need to interpolate between the wind data before and after the explosion to get the true winds at explosion time!
Obviously, you can't send up a balloon when the detonation actually occurs, or it will be blasted by the explosion or lost in the mushroom cloud. The revised table of wind data apply to detonation time itself, not to 1 hour before detonation.
Note also that there is another lengthy British report on the effects of Hurricane fallout on plants and life, written by Robert Scott-Russell, H. Squire, R. Samples were collected 14 months after the test. The study included measurements of fission products found, the leaching of fission products in soils, contamination of plants and absorption of various fission products by cereals and cabbages.
This report gives a summary of results from Operation Hurricane: fireball eruption from the ship HMS Plym, fireball rise, expansion, eruption of crater throwout and water spray from fireball at about 0.
Graph and equation for blast overpressure versus distance, blast duration curve, percentage of initial nuclear radiation dose received versus time after detonation, initial gamma flash dose versus distance, thermal radiation emission versus time curve the total thermal yield output or "partition" for 25 kt Operation Hurricane was only 1.
Atomic Weapons Research Establishment U. At and 1, yards there would have been no casualties from blast, and incidentally, little risk from the effect of gamma flash", although more earth cover would be needed to attenuate the nuclear radiation.
Note that the British Home Office Scientific Advisory Branch scientific team leaders who went to Monte Bellow to measure the blast and fallout effects for civil defence were the highly competent physicists George R. Stanbury and Frank H.
Pavry, who had personally been in the British Mission to Japan, assessing the damage to air raid shelters at both the nuclear bombed cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There are also many other similar reports by Stanbury and Pavry in the HO files at the National Archives, proving clearly how this British nuclear weapons trial information on fallout and shelters influenced the production of the British civil defence handbooks!
It is therefore misleading to quote a percentage solubility figure without saying which nuclide is referred to. The percentage solubility in water of the "overall" beta or gamma activity will obviously vary with time after burst, due to the changing composition of the fission product activity, because the soluble nuclides with a short half life like iodine will predominate in fallout soon after the explosion, but will not be present a few months later when the radioactivity is contributed mainly by relatively insoluble metal oxides like Zr, Nb, etc.
Maralinga has silicate topsoil which produced glass-type Nevada like fallout particles for the Buffalo-1 tower burst where fallout was formed of afterwind swept-up surface dust, but the calcium carbonate substrata produced flaky Bikini-type calcium oxide fallout for the Buffalo-2 surface burst where the crater extended beneath the surface. The hazards arising from the consumption of contaminated flour appear therefore to be smaller by a factor of more than a thousand than those arising from milk.
Contaminated milk need not be wasted: it can be frozen, powdered, or processed into cheese or ice-cream that can be stored for a month while iodine decays with its 8 days half-life, during storage. Alternatively, cattle can be kept in barns on winter fodder while the iodine decays on fields outdoors.
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The process is known as bombogenesis. The cyclone will rival, in some aspects, the intensity of strong hurricanes from the Atlantic this season. For example, the bomb cyclone could be at the intensity level of Hurricane Larry, a long-lived and intense cyclone that churned across the Atlantic in early September, according to AccuWeather.
West Coast. Made visible by clouds, these ribbons of water vapor extend thousands of miles from the tropics to the western U.
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